Food Security and Sustainable Developmental Goals:Relationships and Implications for Attainment

Authors

  • Isaac Oluwadamilare Oni

    Faculty of Pharmacy, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria
  • Oluwabunmi Bola Olajide

    Department of Public Health, Babcock University, Ilishan-Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria
  • Damilola Deborah Olajide

    Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, ‎Ogun State, Nigeria

How to Cite

Oni , I. O. ., Olajide , O. B. ., & Olajide , D. D. . (2025). Food Security and Sustainable Developmental Goals:Relationships and Implications for Attainment. International Journal of Health, 12(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.14419/g7vw5f54

Received date: April 3, 2025

Accepted date: May 1, 2025

Published date: June 23, 2025

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.14419/g7vw5f54

Keywords:

Food System; Food Security; Sustainable Development Goals; Health; Food Insecurity

Abstract

Food security is a phenomenon that is of global public health interest. It is also integral ‎to the attainment of the 2030 target for the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). ‎Food is a basic necessity of life and central to human existence. Food security is ‎relevant to the gross productivity at both the individual and national levels. The objectives of this review are to establish the connection between food security and 17 ‎SDGs, challenges to secured food systems as well as global trend for ‎food insecurity. A search for relevant articles published until November 2024 from ‎popular repositories was conducted. The key terms used for the search included words ‎and/or phrases related to food security, sustainable development goals, food insecurity‎, and challenges of food security. This review presents an overview of the continuous ‎increase in the rate of food insecurity, the challenges limiting the actualization of food ‎security, and the sheer connection between food security and other SDGs, as well as the ‎implications for the attainment of other SDGs. Due to the existing network between food ‎security and these SDGs, the application of one health concept would be crucial ‎to overcoming several challenges in public health. Multi-sector collaboration and ‎partnership would be important in reducing food insecurity to the barest minimum‎.

References

  1. Cassidy-Vu, L., Way, V., Spangler, J. (2022). The correlation between food insecurity and infant mortality in North Carolina. Public Health Nutrition 25(4):1038–1044. https://doi.org/10.1017/S136898002200026X.
  2. Giller, K. (2020). The food security conundrum of sub-Saharan Africa. Global Food Security. 26:100431. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2020.100431.
  3. Neumann, C., Bwibo, N., Murphy, S., Sigman, M., Whaley, S., Allen, L. H., et al. (2003). Animal source foods improve dietary quality, micronutrient status, growth and cognitive function in Kenyan school children: background, study design and baseline findings. Journal of Nutrition. 2003 Nov;133(11 Suppl 2):3941S-3949S. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/133.11.3941S.
  4. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). 2006. Policy Brief: Food Security. Food and Agriculture Organization: Rome. Available at: https://reliefweb.int/report/world/policy-brief-food-security-issue-2-june-2006.
  5. McMichael, A., Powles, J., Butler, C., Uauy, R. (2007). Food, livestock production, energy, climate change, and health. Lancet. 370:1253–1263. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61256-2.
  6. Rabbi, M., Hasan, M., Kovács, S. (2021). Food Security and Transition towards Sustainability. Sustainability. 13:12433. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132212433.
  7. FAO. Towards the Future We Want: End Hunger and Make the Transition to Sustainable Agricultural and Food Systems; Food and Agriculture Or-ganization of the United Nations: Rome, Italy, 2012. Available at: https://reliefweb.int/report/world/towards-future-we-want-end-hunger-and-make-transition-sustainable-agricultural-and-food.
  8. FAO. (1996). United Nations World Food Summit: Rome declaration on world food security. Rome, Italy. Available at: https://www.fao.org/4/w3613e/w3613e00.htm.
  9. FAO, IFAD, UNICEF, WFP and WHO. (2017). The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2017. Building resilience for peace and food security. Rome. https://www.unicef.org/media/49031/file/State_of_Food_Security_and_Nutrition_in_the_World_2017-ENG.pdf.
  10. FAO, IFAD, & WFP. (2014). The state of food insecurity in the world: Strengthening the enabling environment for food security and nutrition. Rome, Italy.
  11. FAO, IFAD, UNICEF, WFP and WHO. (2018). The state of food insecurity in the world 2018: Building climate resilience for food security and nutri-tion. Rome. https://www.fao.org/publications/fao-flagship-publications/the-state-of-food-security-and-nutrition-in-the-world/en.
  12. FAO, IFAD, UNICEF, WFP and WHO. (2018). The state of food insecurity in the world 2018: Building climate resilience for food security and nutri-tion. Rome. https://reliefweb.int/report/world/state-food-security-and-nutrition-world-2018-building-climate-resilience-food-security.
  13. Lipinski, B., Hanson, C., Lomax, J., Kitinoja, L., Waite, R., Searchinger, T. (2013). Reducing Food Loss and Waste. Working Paper, Installment 2 of Creating a Sustainable Food Future. Washington DC. World Resources Institute. Available online at: http://www.worldresourcesreport.org (accessed August 1, 2024.
  14. De Haen, H., Klasen, S., Qaim, M. (2011). What do we really know? Metrics for food insecurity and under nutrition. Food Policy. 36:760–769. Available at: https://hdl.handle.net/10419/90520. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2011.08.003.
  15. Schmidhuber, J., Francesco, N. (2007). Global food security under climate change. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 104:19703–8. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0701976104.
  16. Simon, G. (2012). Food Security: Definition, Four Dimensions, History. FAO, Rome.
  17. Bakhtsiyarava, M., Williams, T., Verdin, A., Guikema, S. (2021). A non-parametric analysis of household‐level food insecurity and its determinant factors: Exploratory study in Ethiopia and Nigeria. Food Sec. 13:55–70. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-020-01132-w.
  18. Matemilola, S., Elegbede, I. (2017). The Challenges of Food Security in Nigeria. OALJ. 4: e4185. https://doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1104185.
  19. FAO, (2008). An Introduction to the Basic Concepts of Food Security. In: Food Security Information for Action: Practical Guides, EC-FAO Food Se-curity Programme. Available at: https://www.fsnnetwork.org/resource/introduction-basic-concepts-food-security.
  20. FAO. FAOSTAT 2020. 2020. Available online: http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/FS (accessed on 11th November, 2024).
  21. Pérez-Escamilla, R. (2017). Food security and the 2015–2030 sustainable development goals: From human to planetary health: Perspectives and opin-ions. Current Developments in Nutrition 1: e000513. https://doi.org/10.3945/cdn.117.000513.
  22. Echendu, A. (2022). Flooding in Nigeria and Ghana: Opportunities for partnerships in disaster-risk reduction. Sustainability, Scientific Practices and Policies. 18:1–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/15487733.2021.2004742.
  23. UNESCO, (2010). Teaching and Learning for a Sustainable Future: A Multimedia Teacher Education Programme. Paris: UNESCO. Retrieved 3 Au-gust, 2024, from http://www.unesco. org/education/tlsf.
  24. Fanzo, J. (2019). Healthy and Sustainable Diets and Food Systems: The Key to Achieving Sustainable Development Goal 2? Food Ethics. 4:159–74. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41055-019-00052-6.
  25. Haberl, H., Fischer-Kowalski, M., Krausmann, F., Weisz, H., Winiwarter, V. (2004). Progress towards sustainability? What the conceptual framework of material and energy flow accounting (MEFA) can offer. Land Use Pol. 21:199–213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2003.10.013.
  26. FAO. (2009). Declaration of the World Food Summit on Food Security (Rome: FAO. Available at: https://www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/wsfs/Summit/Docs/Declaration/WSFS09_Draft_Declaration.pdf.
  27. Hassan, M., Nekmahmud, M., Yajuan, L., Patwary, M. (2019). Green business value chain: A systematic review. Sustainainable Production and Con-sumption, 20:326–339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2019.08.003.
  28. Global Network against Food Crises. (2023). Global Report on Food Crises: Joint Analysis for Better Decision; Global Network against Food Crises: Rome, Italy, 2023. Available at: https://www.fsinplatform.org/report/global-report-food-crises-2023/.
  29. Hoddinott, J. (2021). Achieving the SDG’s of ending hunger and food insecurity: Issues and options. Paper prepared for the United Nations Depart-ment of Economic and Social Affairs’ (UNDESA), Division for Inclusive Social Development (DISD). https://www.un.org/development/desa/dspd/wp-content/uploads/sites/22/2022/01/Enhancing_food_security_Hoddinott_FINAL-for-website.pdf.
  30. FAO. (2021). The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2021. In The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World.
  31. Gebre, G. (2021). Prevalence of household food insecurity in East Africa: Linking food access with climate vulnerability. Climatic Risk Management. 33:100333. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crm.2021.100333.
  32. FAO. (2021). World Food Situation: FAO Cereal Supply and Demand Brief. September 2, 2021. Food and Agriculture Organization: Rome.
  33. Nafees, A., Shahnawaz, S., Muzafar, H., Sajid, Q., Zaid, A. (2021). Food Insecurity: Concept, Causes, Effects and Possible Solutions. IAR J. of Hu-manities and Social Science. 2(1):105-113.
  34. Coleman-Jensen, A., Rabbitt, M., Gregory, C., Singh, A. (2020). Household Food Security in the United States in 2019. Economic Research Report No. (ERR-275); U.S. Department of Agriculture: Washington, DC, USA. Volume 47. https://www.fao.org/worldfoodsituation/csdb/en.
  35. UNICEF. (2023). 25 million Nigerians at High Risk of Food Insecurity in 2023. Available online: https://www.unicef.org/pressreleases/25-million-nigerians-high-risk-food-insecurity-2023.
  36. Vågsholm, I., Arzoomand, N., Boqvist, S. (2020). Food Security, Safety, and Sustainability—Getting the Trade-Offs Right. Frontiers of Sustainable Food System. 4:16. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2020.00016.
  37. Van Boeckel, T.P., Pires, J., Silvester, R., Zhao, C., Song, J., Criscuolo, N.G., et al. (2019). Global Trends in Antimicrobial Resistance in Animals in Low- and Middle-Income Countries. Science, 365(6459): eaaw1944. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaw1944.
  38. WHO. (2006). Five Keys to Safer Food Manual. Department of food safety, zoonoses and foodborne diseases. www.who.int/foodsafety/consumer/5keys/en/index.html.
  39. Behnassi, M., Draggan, S., Yaya, S. (2011). Global Food Insecurity: Rethinking Agricultural and Rural Development Paradigm and Policy. In: Food Crisis Mitigation: The Need for an Enhanced Global Food Governance. Springer Science. Business Media, New York, 2011:91-125. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0890-7_8.
  40. FAO. (2016). The state of food and agriculture: climate change, agriculture and food security. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization.
  41. Global Report on Food Crises mid-year update. (2022). Available at https://www.care.org.au/media/mediarelease/one-person-dying-of-hunger-every-four-seconds.
  42. Ilaboya, I., Atikpo, E., Omofuma, F., Asekhame, F., Umukoro, L. (2012). Causes, Effects and Way forward to Food Insecurity. Iranica Journal of En-ergy and Environment, 3:180-188.
  43. Mbow, C., Rosenzweig, C., Barioni, G., Benton, T., Herrero, M., Krishnapillai, M., et al. (2019). “Climate change and land, food security,” in Cli-mate Change and Land: An IPCC Special Report on Climate Change, Desertification, Land Degradation, Sustainable Land Management, Food Secu-rity, and Greenhouse Gas Fluxes in Terrestrial Ecosystems. Available online at: https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2019/11/08_Chapter-5.pdf.
  44. http://en.hesperian.org/hhg/A_Community_Guide_to_Environmental_Health:Sustainable_Use_of_Forests"_Environmental_Health:Sustainable_Use_of_Forests.
  45. United Nations (UN) Research Report: Leiden Model United Nations (2018). fresh ideas, new solutions.
  46. Nelson, G., Rosegrant, M., Palazzo, A., et al. (2010). Food security, farming and climate change to 2050: Scenarios, results, policy options. Washing-ton, DC: IFPRI. https://doi.org/10.2499/9780896291867.
  47. Makalle, A. (2012). Post-harvest storage as a rural household food security strategy in Tanzania. ARPN J Sci Tech. 2:814–821. ISSN 2225-7217.
  48. FAO. (2012). Towards the Future We Want: End Hunger and Make the Transition to Sustainable Agricultural and Food Systems; Food and Agricul-ture Organization of the United Nations: Rome, Italy.
  49. Sheahan, M., Barrett, C. (2017). Ten striking facts about agricultural input use in Sub-Saharan Africa. Food Policy. 67:12-25, ISSN 0306-9192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2016.09.010.
  50. Aulakh, J., Regmi, A., Fulton, J., Alexander, C. (2013). Estimating post-harvest food losses: developing a consistent global estimation framework. Washington DC: Agriculture and Applied Economics Association.
  51. Kumar, D., Kalita, P. (2017). Reducing Postharvest Losses during Storage of Grain Crops to Strengthen Food Security in Developing Countries. Foods. 6:7. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods6010008.
  52. UN. (2020). The Sustainable Development Goals Report. Available online: https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/report/2020/The-Sustainable-Development-Goals-Report-2020.pdf.
  53. UNODC. (2023). SDG 2: End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture. https://www.unodc.org/documents/SDGs/SDG_2-_09.2023.pdf.
  54. Global Panel. Preventing Nutrient Loss and Waste across the Food System: Policy Actions for High-Quality Diets. Available online: http://glopan.org/sites/default/files/Downloads/GlopanFoodLossWastePolicyBrief.pdf.
  55. Dauda, R. (2023). Climate Change and Food Security in Nigeria. EPR Journal H2.
  56. Ohia, C., Adeleye, S., Tauseef, A. (2020). COVID-19 and Nigeria: Putting the realities in context. International Journal of Infectious Diseases. 95:279–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2020.04.062.
  57. Cain, K., Meyer, S., Cummer, E., Patel, K., Casacchia, N., Montez, K., et al. (2022). Association of Food Insecurity with Mental Health Outcomes in Parents and Children. Academic Pediatrics, 22(7):1105-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acap.2022.04.010.
  58. Golovaty, I., Tien, P., Price, J., Sheira, L., Seligman, H., Weiser, S. (2020). Food Insecurity May Be an Independent Risk Factor Associated with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease among Low-Income Adults in the United States. Journal of Nutrition, 150(1):91-98. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxz212.
  59. Ludovic, M., Frédérique, S., Jean-Luc, C., Claudia, R. (2022). SDG 2 End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sus-tainable agriculture. A brief guide to SDGs UNDP interactions: from science to implementation. Available at: https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010070608.
  60. Whitaker, R., Phillips, S., Orzol, S. (2006). Food insecurity and the risks of depression and anxiety in mothers and behavior problems in their pre-school-aged children. Pediatrics, 118(3): e859–e68. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2006-0239.
  61. Royer, M., Guerithault, N., Braden, B., Laska, M., Bruening, M. (2021). Food Insecurity Is Associated with Cognitive Function: A Systematic Re-view of Findings across the Life Course. International Journal of Translational Medicine, 1(3):205-222. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijtm1030015.
  62. Shankar, P., Chung, R., Frank, D. (2017). Association of Food Insecurity with Children's Behavioral, Emotional, and Academic Outcomes: A Sys-tematic Review. Journal of Developmental and Behavioural Pediatrics. 38(2): 135-50. https://doi.org/10.1097/DBP.0000000000000383.
  63. WHO. (2016). Children: Reducing mortality, Fact sheet.
  64. Augusto, A., de Abreu Rodrigues, A., Domingos, T., Salles-Costa, R. (2020). Household food insecurity associated with gestational and neonatal out-comes: a systematic review. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 20(1):229. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-020-02917-9.
  65. FAO, IFAD, UNICEF, WFP, and WHO. (2021). The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2021. Transforming food systems for food security, improved nutrition and affordable healthy diets for all. Rome. https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/1c38676f-f5f7-47cf-81b3-f4c9794eba8a/conten.
  66. Owoo, N. (2020). Demographic Considerations and Food Security in Nigeria. J. Soc. Econ. Dev. 23:128–167. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40847-020-00116-y.
  67. Powell, B., Kerr, R., Young, S., Johns, T. (2017). The Determinants of Dietary Diversity and Nutrition: Ethnonutrition Knowledge of Local People in the East Usambara Mountains, Tanzania. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, 13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13002-017-0150-2.
  68. Aurino, E., Tranchant, J., Diallo, A., Gelli, A. (2018). School Feeding or General Food Distribution? Quasi-Experimental Evidence on the Education-al Impacts of Emergency Food Assistance during Conflict in Mali. UNICEF Office of Research Innocenti Working Paper WP-2018-04.
  69. World Food Programme. (2010). School meals. Available at http://www.wfp.org/schools.meals. 2010.
  70. Victora, C., Adair, C., Fall, P., Hallal, R., Martorell, L., Richter, H. (2017). Sachdev for the Maternal and Child Undernutrition Study Group, 2008. Maternal and child undernutrition: consequences for adult health and human capital. Lancet, 371:340-357. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61692-4.
  71. Webb, P. (2014). Nutrition and the Post-2015 Sustainable Development Goals. A Technical Note, United Nations Standing Committee on Nutrition (unscn) 2014.
  72. WFP. (2015). School meals and Education. Accessed from documents. wfp.org/stellent/groups/public/2015.
  73. Grace, D. (2017). Food safety and the Sustainable Development Goals. Policy briefs for International Livestock Research Institute and Research Pro-gram on Agriculture for Nutrition and Health.
  74. Adebayo, A. (2010). Food security status in Nigeria: pre and post Economic deregulation review. International Journal of Economic Development and Research Development, 1:1. 135–162. Available at: http://icidr.org.ng/index.php/Ijedri/article/view/716.
  75. Ahmed, U., Ying, L., Bashir, M., Abid, M., Zulfiqar, F. (2017). Status and determinants of small farming households’ food security and role of market access in enhancing food security in rural Pakistan. Pone, 12: e0185466. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0185466.
  76. Blanchard, J., Watson, R., Fulton, E., Cottrell, R., Nash, K., Bryndum-Buchholz, A, et al. (2017). Linked sustainability challenges and trade-offs among fisheries, aquaculture and agriculture. Nature Ecology and Evolution. 1(9):1240-1249. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-017-0258-8.
  77. Knox, J., Daccache, A., Hess, T. (2017). What is the impact of infrastructural investments in roads, electricity and irrigation on agricultural productivi-ty? Systematic Review cee. 11-007. International Initiative for Impact Evaluation, London.
  78. Du Pisani, J. (2006). Sustainable development—historical roots of the concept. Environ Sci. 3:83–96. https://doi.org/10.1080/15693430600688831.
  79. EPA. (2018). Agriculture and Natural Events and Disaster. Available online at: https://www.epa.gov/agriculture/agriculture-and-natural-events-and-disasters.
  80. OECD. (2012b). Greening 264167896-en Development: Enhancing Capacity for Environmental Management and Governance, OECD 2012b, Paris. https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264167896-en.
  81. New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD) (2020). Comprehensive Africa agriculture development programme (CAADP). Midrand, South Africa: NEPAD. Available online: http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/sirte2008/NEPAD-CAADP%202003.pdf.
  82. Godfray, H., Beddington, J., Crute, I., Haddad, L., Lawrence, D., Muir, J., et al. (2010). Food Security: The Challenge of Feeding 9 billion People. Science. 327(5967): 812–818. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1185383.
  83. High Level Panel of Experts on Food Security and Nutrition (HLPE). Food Losses and Waste in the Context of Sustainable Food Systems. Available online: https://www.fao.org/3/i3901e/i3901e.pdf.
  84. United Nations. A/CONF.151/26/Vol.I: Rio Declaration on Environment and Development. Available online: https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/generalassembly/docs/globalcompact/A_CONF.151_26_Vol. I_Declaration.pdf.
  85. FAO. Climate change adaptation and mitigation. Available online: https://www.fao.org/sustainable-forest-management/toolbox/modules/climate-change-adaptation-and-mitigation/basic-knowledge/en/2024.
  86. European Environment Agency (EEA). Climate change mitigation: reducing emissions. Available online: https://www.eea.europa.eu/topics/in-depth/climate-change-mitigation-reducing-emissions-2023.
  87. Marcharla, E., Vinayagam, S., Gnanasekaran, L., Soto-Moscoso, M., Chen, W., Thanigaivel, S. et al. (2024). Review article microplastics in marine ecosystems: A comprehensive review of biological and ecological implications and its mitigation approach using nanotechnology for the sustainable environment. Environmental Research, 256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2024.119181.
  88. Afelt, A., Frutos, R., Devaux, C. (2018). Bats, Coronaviruses, and Deforestation: Toward the Emergence of Novel Infectious Diseases? Frontiers in Microbiology, 9:702. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2018.00702.
  89. Aiyar, A., Pingali, P. (2020). Pandemics and Food Systems- towards a proactive food safety approach to disease prevention and management. Food security. 12(4):749-756. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-020-01074-3.
  90. Pryor, S., Dietz, W. (2022). The COVID-19, obesity, and food insecurity syndemic. Curr Obesity Rep. 11(3):70–79. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13679-021-00462-w.
  91. Zalilah, M., Tham, B. (2002). Food Security and Child Nutritional Status Among Orang Asli (Temuan) Households in Hulu Langat, Selangor. Medi-cal Journal of Malaysia, 57(1):36-50. PMID: 14569716.
  92. Sage, C. (2013). The interconnected challenges for food security from a food regimes perspective: Energy, climate and mal-consumption. J Rural Stud. 29:71–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2012.02.005.
  93. Oni, O., Nkonya, E., Pender, J., Phillips, D., Kato, E. (2019). Trends and Drivers of Agricultural Productivity in Nigeria. International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), Abuja.
  94. Gulati, J. (2010). Child malnutrition: Trends and issues. The Anthro. 12(2): 131–140. https://doi.org/10.1080/09720073.2010.11891143.
  95. Elliott, K. (2015). The Effects of Fertilizers & Pesticides.
  96. http://www.livestrong.com/article/139831-the-effects-fertilizers-pesticides/ 2015.
  97. Convention on the prohibition of military or any other hostile use of environmental modification techniques (ENMOD Convention), 1976.
  98. Advisory opinion on the legality of the threat or use of nuclear weapons, ICJ Reports, 1996. 226 et seq.
  99. Bhattacharya, S. (2016). Syrian seed bank gets new home away from war. Nature, 2016;538:16-17. https://doi.org/10.1038/538016a.
  100. Garcia, S., Osburn, B., and Jay-Russell, M. (2020). One health for food safety, food security and sustainable food production. Front sustain food sys. 4:1: 1-9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2020.00001.
  101. FAO/UNEP/WHO/WFP/WOAH. United under One Health to promote a holistic approach to food safety in Asia and the Pacific. www.unep.org/events/webinar/world-food-safety-day-asia-pacific-edition.

Downloads

How to Cite

Oni , I. O. ., Olajide , O. B. ., & Olajide , D. D. . (2025). Food Security and Sustainable Developmental Goals:Relationships and Implications for Attainment. International Journal of Health, 12(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.14419/g7vw5f54

Received date: April 3, 2025

Accepted date: May 1, 2025

Published date: June 23, 2025